Prof Welsch, based at the Cockcroft Institute, explains: “The LHC went beyond previously explored energy levels and allowed us to see something never seen before. By recreating the conditions found close to the beginnings of the universe, it concluded an era of fundamental physics that started with the splitting of the atom by Cockcroft and Walton and ended with the discovery of the Higgs Boson. It has succeeded in proving the Standard Model, which is the basis for modern physics and explains the known world.
“We are now entering a new age of particle physics that will probe the deep structure of space-time and will uncover new phenomena such as new forms of matter.”
The LHC used a 27 km circumference accelerator and particle beams colliding at 7-8 TeV to discover the Higgs Boson. After its restart in June the beams now have a combined energy of 13 TeV. With this increased energy, scientists will learn more about the newly discovered boson and explore further into unknown regions of physics.
The LHC took over 25 years to conceive and build so planning has already started for a potential successor, the Future Circular Collider. Proposed as a 100 km tunnel filled with powerful magnets, it aims to collide protons at energies of over 100 TeV. This cannot be achieved with the knowledge that we have today so it is spurring on a new ‘space race’ to develop new technologies and instrumentation.
Prof Welsch says: “Accelerator science has enabled the development of a range of technologies that benefit us in everyday life – including many that were predicted in the “Back to the Future” series, the first of which was being written as planning for the LHC started – and have been achieved before 21 October 2015, the date to which the characters travel in “Back to the Future Part II”.
“The most iconic is the hoverboard; Lexus has recently produced a hoverboard which uses magnetic levitation. Very high field magnets are a direct result from accelerator R&D and were developed as part of LHC. EuroCirCol plans to push the boundaries and pave the way for 16 T magnets that are not available today.”
Other technologies featured in the film and enabled by accelerator science include: video calls – the Internet was pioneered at CERN and enables the calls that Marty makes; tablet computers – these have been made possible by accelerators used in the development of silicon chips and the miniaturisation of electronics essential for smartphones and tablets; and 3D holograms – 3D ‘painting’ of tumours was developed for ion beam cancer treatment.
Prof Welsch continues: “The European Strategy for Particle Physics has outlined an inspirational goal that will drive the development of a new research infrastructure and focus the minds of the next generation of accelerator scientists on an ambitious target. The EuroCirCol project is literally designing the future – who knows what technologies we will have in a further 25 years.”
The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider (EuroCirCol) project (2015-18) is a conceptual design study for a post-LHC research infrastructure based on an energy-frontier 100 TeV circular hadron collider. The project will receive 3 M€ of funding within the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme. A conceptual design report will be delivered before the end of 2018, in time for the next update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics.
Image: the Lexus Slide hoverboard; image courtesy of Lexus.
Background
The Cockcroft Institute is named after John Cockcroft who, with Ernest Walton, gained a Nobel Prize for splitting the atom for the first time in 1932. This was also the year that James Chadwick discovered the neutron and Carl Anderson discovered the positron while working on cosmic rays.
The experiment by Cockcroft and Walton split the nucleus at the heart of the atom with protons that were lower in energy than seemed possible, and achieved this by insights from quantum mechanical tunnelling – a phenomenon new to physics at that time.
Cockcroft realized the immense potential of accelerators in research and in particular for the progression of fundamental physics. He later played an instrumental role in establishing large accelerator laboratories, including CERN in 1954.
The sequence of events that led to the pioneering experiment – the specification of particle beam parameters; the innovation and development of the necessary technologies to create the beams; and the use of the beams to do experiments on a subatomic scale to achieve a deeper understanding of the structure and function of matter – continue today at the Cockcroft Institute and have been repeated many times as high-energy physics has advanced.
The Cockcroft Institute’s role within the EuroCirCol continues this pioneering tradition.
About the Cockcroft Institute: www.cockcroft.ac.uk
The Cockcroft Institute is an international centre of excellence for accelerator science and technology in the UK.
It is a joint venture between the Universities of Lancaster, Liverpool and Manchester and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) at the Daresbury and Rutherford Appleton Laboratories. The Institute is located in a purpose-built building on the Sci-Tech Campus adjacent to the Daresbury Laboratory and the Daresbury Innovation Centre.
Prof. Carsten P. Welsch is Head of the Liverpool Accelerator Physics Group at the Cockcroft Institute in Daresbury. He has devised the concept of the training networks and has been leading several pan-European programmes. These are creating Fellows with vital skills in accelerator physics, beam instrumentation technologies, accelerator applications, and laser science.