The findings, published on 28 September in Nature Microbiology, underscore the importance of ongoing genomic surveillance of pathogens to monitor the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.
The cholera outbreak in Yemen is the largest in modern history, responsible for more than 2.5 million cases and at least 4,000 deaths since 20161. Cholera is an infectious disease caused by certain strains – genetic types – of bacteria known as Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) with epidemic potential2.
Antibiotics help shorten the disease’s duration, meaning the patient is less likely to have severe outcomes and remains transmissible for less time, reducing the potential for spread to others. Macrolides, a class of antibiotics, were widely used in Yemen until early 2019 to treat moderate to severe cases of cholera in pregnant women and children, who represented a significant number of cases.
However starting in 2018, healthcare professionals observed a troubling trend: patients were no longer responding to these frontline antibiotic treatments.
In this new study, researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, University of Toronto, Institut Pasteur, Sana'a University and their collaborators set out to uncover the reasons behind this growing drug resistance, analysing 260 V. cholerae DNA samples collected in Yemen between 2016 and 2019.
The team found that a type of V. cholerae containing multidrug-resistant genetic elements took over as the main pathogen during the Yemen outbreak period, likely from the widespread use of antibiotics at the time.
They identified the presence of a new plasmid — a small, circular DNA molecule — in all epidemic V. cholerae samples tested since November 2018. This plasmid introduced genes encoding resistance to multiple clinically used antibiotics, including macrolides.
The researchers also found the multidrug-resistant plasmid in local, endemic V. cholerae strains not associated with the cholera disease itself3, suggesting these different strains were able to exchange plasmids with antibiotic-resistance capabilities. The strong selective pressure created by extensive antibiotic use at the time drove this process, they add.
The plasmid’s stability in V. cholerae defies usual mechanisms that would have eliminated it4. This resilience makes the strain a concerning factor in the context of future cholera outbreaks.
Dr Florent Lassalle, first author of the study at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, said: “This type of cholera pathogen was already highly successful before 2019, causing the largest cholera outbreak in recorded history. Now it has revealed how adaptable it is in the face of drug selection. What we have shown is the unexpectedly stable emergence of a new kind of cholera pathogen that combines the disease-causing tools of the one epidemic strain with the staying-power tools of others. This situation calls for more research into the evolution of bacterial genomes. With a better understanding of how V. cholerae evolves and its ability to drive disease outbreaks, we can improve strategies to fight it.”
Professor François-Xavier Weill and Dr Marie-Laure Quilici, both senior authors of the study at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, said: “This cholera strain, which has also been found in the Southeast African region, has the ability to pick up plasmids carrying multidrug resistance. This unexpected behaviour poses a new threat for cholera control, and needs to be fully understood before we can develop effective mitigation strategies.”
Dr Abdul-Elah Al-Harazi, senior author of the study and director of the National Centre of the Public Health Laboratories, Yemen, said: “The ongoing global spread of this resilient cholera strain is deeply concerning. Conducting this study was particularly challenging due to the ongoing conflict in Yemen. Nevertheless, this was a collaborative effort involving multiple institutions across various countries, aimed at uncovering the underlying causes of cholera. The ultimate measure of our study's success, beyond the critical observations we have collectively made, lies in making our collective expertise, processes, and knowledge accessible to those who need it most. This was demonstrated in our recent symposium5, uniting those from all over the world to accelerate our response against infectious diseases. This remains our shared objective, one that requires even more concerted efforts to achieve. It is clear from our findings that without more accurate data, this pathogen is unlikely to be eradicated anytime soon. However, with better data, we can instigate fundamental changes that will significantly improve public health on the ground."
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