The project is known as Project JAGUAR (Joining All: Genes, immUnity And diveRsity), which was chosen as the jaguar is a native animal to Latin America. The project is part of the Human Cell Atlas initiative1 and aims to map diversity of immune cells across previously understudied populations. Project JAGUAR is one of 16 newly funded Ancestry Networks for the Human Cell Atlas, and will help address questions about how the environment genetically shapes the immune system and increase population diversity in genome sequence data representation.
This research could lead to further understanding of why people react differently to disease and why certain immune conditions are found in higher prevalence in particular areas of the world, for example, the higher rate of Lupus in Mexico2.
The immune system is made up of many different types of cells that interact with each other to provide an immune response, which fights organisms in the body that cause disease. In some cases, the immune system mistakenly starts to attack healthy cells and tissues, and this is known as autoimmune disease.
Latin American populations have a mixture of genetic influences from European, Indigenous, African, and Asian groups due to population migration, including European colonisation and the trade of enslaved people, which had varying impacts across the region. Additionally, Latin America is home to a range of environments, such as rainforests, which could influence the prevalence of genes in a population as external factors such as light, weather, and lifestyle can impact which genes are “turned on and off”.
Together, these factors result in Latin American people having diverse genetic backgrounds, which can have different effects on complex traits, including the immune system. The full range of these effects are currently unknown as anonymised, genomic sequencing studies have not been fully carried out with these populations before.
Researchers in Project JAGUAR will use a range of single-cell sequencing technologies to analyse the diverse composition of immune cells in healthy individuals from seven distinct regions in Latin America, including urban Mexico (Queretaro) and the Brazilian Amazon Forest. From this, the researchers will identify how gene expression and composition of immune cells differ across ancestries, and determine the impact of ancestry on immune system development.
Further understanding of the factors impacting immune system development and how this interacts with the environment could help us in finding new ways to prevent or treat autoimmune disease.
The Human Cell Atlas aims to map every cell type in the human body, revolutionising our understanding of biology and disease, and is committed to creating an open, equitable and representative3 atlas for humanity which will benefit communities worldwide.
While the Wellcome Sanger Institute will perform genome the sequencing thanks to its technical capabilities, the majority of the teams are based in Latin America. These teams are from the University of Campinas, Brazil; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Peru; Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Argentina and Hospital de Clínicas, University of the Republic, Uruguay.
Norbert Tavares, CZI Program Manager for Single-Cell Biology, said: “To create effective treatments and cures for all people, the biomedical community must work to increase representation in scientific research. About 80 percent of current genomic data is from people of European ancestry, which has to change. The Ancestry Networks for the Human Cell Atlas will bring a much-needed perspective to single-cell research and provide key insights into how ancestry impacts healthy and disease states and has the potential to inform the path to treatments.”
Dr Alejandra Medina Rivera, co-Principal Investigator in Project JAGUAR and Researcher at International Laboratory for Human Genome Research at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, said: “Understanding more about the genetic basis of disease can help inform how we diagnose and treat it, but currently our databases are not reflective of everyone that makes up our global population. In particular, Latin American populations represent less than 2% of available datasets. This study will use cutting edge technology in the field of genomic research to help fill some of the current gaps in our knowledge and is a step towards ensuring that our genetic data are fully representative.”
Dr Gosia Trynka, co-Principal Investigator in Project JAGUAR, Group Leader at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and Experimental Science Director at Open Targets, said: “This project offers a remarkable opportunity to increase our understanding of genetic and environmental influences on human traits, such as the immune system, which can regulate susceptibility to immune diseases and infections. The representation of non-European ancestry samples in genetics is currently very poor and has big implications on our understanding of human health, so I’m really pleased that we will be able to start bridging this gap. I’m extremely excited about this project and I am looking forward to working with such a great diverse team across Latin America.”
More information
For more information about Project JAGUAR and those involved, please see: https://chanzuckerberg.com/science/programs-resources/single-cell-biology/ancestry-networks/mapping-immune-cell-diversity-across-latin-america/
The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) announced $28 million in grants to support the inclusion of data from tissue samples from ancestrally diverse donors in the Human Cell Atlas (HCA). These 16 teams of researchers—including single-cell biologists, tissue experts, computational biologists, and community-engaged researchers—represent 31 different countries. These new projects will provide insights into how genetic ancestry influences health and disease at the level of our cells, resulting in a scientific resource that will be more representative of the diversity found in the global human population.
The Human Cell Atlas (HCA) is an international collaborative consortium which is creating comprehensive reference maps of all human cells—the fundamental units of life—as a basis for understanding human health and for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating disease. The HCA is likely to impact every aspect of biology and medicine, propelling translational discoveries and applications and ultimately leading to a new era of precision medicine. The HCA was co-founded in 2016 by Dr Sarah Teichmann at the Wellcome Sanger Institute (UK) and Dr Aviv Regev, then at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (USA). A truly global initiative, there are now more than 2,200 HCA members, from over 75 countries around the world. https://www.humancellatlas.org
Nucamendi-Cervantes, G. del C., Guillén-Domínguez, G. & Sánchez-Garay, M. (2013) ¿Qué es el Lupus Eritematoso?
The HCA is committed to creating an open, equitable and representative atlas to benefit communities worldwide. To find out more, see: The Commitment of the Human Cell Atlas to Humanity
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